2024年12月完成（补充提交）

Chapter 8/8-5gen_sentence/8-5grammar.cpp

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+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(disable:4503)      // `silence compiler complaints about generated names being too long'
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <map>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "split.h"
+#include <time.h>
+
+using std::istream;           using std::cin;
+using std::copy;              using std::cout;
+using std::endl;              using std::find;
+using std::getline;           using std::logic_error;
+using std::map;               using std::string;
+using std::vector;            using std::domain_error;
+using std::rand;
+
+typedef vector<string> Rule;
+typedef vector<Rule> Rule_collection;
+typedef map<string, Rule_collection> Grammar;
+
+// read a grammar from a given input stream
+Grammar read_grammar(istream& in)
+{
+	Grammar ret;
+	string line;
+
+	// read the input
+	while (getline(in, line)) {
+
+		// `split' the input into words
+		vector<string> entry = split(line);
+
+		if (!entry.empty())
+			// use the category to store the associated rule
+			ret[entry[0]].push_back(
+				Rule(entry.begin() + 1, entry.end()));
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void gen_aux(const Grammar&, const string&, vector<string>&);
+
+int nrand(int);
+
+vector<string> gen_sentence(const Grammar& g)
+{
+	vector<string> ret;
+	gen_aux(g, "<sentence>", ret);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+bool bracketed(const string& s)
+{
+	return s.size() > 1 && s[0] == '<' && s[s.size() - 1] == '>';
+}
+
+void
+gen_aux(const Grammar& g, const string& word, vector<string>& ret)
+{
+
+	if (!bracketed(word)) {
+		ret.push_back(word);
+	} else {
+		// locate the rule that corresponds to `word'
+		Grammar::const_iterator it = g.find(word);
+		if (it == g.end())
+			throw logic_error("empty rule");
+
+		// fetch the set of possible rules
+		const Rule_collection& c = it->second;
+
+		// from which we select one at random
+		const Rule& r = c[nrand(c.size())];
+
+		// recursively expand the selected rule
+		for (Rule::const_iterator i = r.begin(); i != r.end(); ++i)
+			gen_aux(g, *i, ret);
+	}
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+	// generate the sentence
+	vector<string> sentence = gen_sentence(read_grammar(cin));
+
+	// write the first word, if any
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	std::vector<string>::const_iterator it = sentence.begin();
+#else
+	vector<string>::const_iterator it = sentence.begin();
+#endif
+	if (!sentence.empty()) {
+		cout << *it;
+		++it;
+	}
+
+	// write the rest of the words, each preceded by a space
+	while (it != sentence.end()) {
+		cout << " " << *it;
+		++it;
+	}
+
+	cout << endl;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// return a random integer in the range `[0,' `n)'
+int nrand(int n)
+{
+	if (n <= 0 || n > RAND_MAX)
+		throw domain_error("Argument to nrand is out of range");
+
+	const int bucket_size = RAND_MAX / n;
+	int r;
+
+	do r = rand() / bucket_size;
+	while (r >= n);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(disable:4503)      // 关闭编译器警告，避免对生成的名称过长的抱怨
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>      // 引入算法库，提供常用的算法
+#include <cstdlib>        // 引入C标准库，包含rand()函数
+#include <iostream>       // 引入标准输入输出流库
+#include <map>            // 引入映射容器（map）库
+#include <stdexcept>      // 引入标准异常库，提供逻辑错误和域错误等异常
+#include <string>         // 引入字符串库
+#include <vector>         // 引入动态数组（vector）库
+#include "split.h"        // 引入自定义的split.h头文件（假定提供了字符串拆分功能）
+#include <time.h>         // 引入时间库，支持随机数生成
+
+using std::istream;           using std::cin;
+using std::copy;              using std::cout;
+using std::endl;              using std::find;
+using std::getline;           using std::logic_error;
+using std::map;               using std::string;
+using std::vector;            using std::domain_error;
+using std::rand;              // 引入rand函数
+
+// 定义规则（字符串集合）和语法（规则集合）的类型
+typedef vector<string> Rule;  // 一个规则是字符串的集合
+typedef vector<Rule> Rule_collection;  // 规则集合是规则的集合
+typedef map<string, Rule_collection> Grammar;  // 语法是一个映射：类别 -> 规则集合
+
+// 从输入流中读取语法并返回
+Grammar read_grammar(istream& in) {
+	Grammar ret;  // 用于存储语法
+	string line;
+
+	// 持续读取每一行
+	while (getline(in, line)) {
+		// 将当前行拆分成单词
+		vector<string> entry = split(line);
+
+		// 如果拆分出的单词不为空，则根据类别存储规则
+		if (!entry.empty())
+			ret[entry[0]].push_back(
+				Rule(entry.begin() + 1, entry.end()));  // 使用类别作为key，规则作为value
+	}
+	return ret;  // 返回语法
+}
+
+// 递归生成句子的辅助函数
+void gen_aux(const Grammar&, const string&, vector<string>&);
+
+// 返回一个范围在[0, n)内的随机整数
+int nrand(int);
+
+// 生成一个句子，调用gen_aux进行递归生成
+vector<string> gen_sentence(const Grammar& g) {
+	vector<string> ret;
+	gen_aux(g, "<sentence>", ret);  // 从<sentence>开始生成句子
+	return ret;
+}
+
+// 判断一个字符串是否是被尖括号包围的
+bool bracketed(const string& s) {
+	return s.size() > 1 && s[0] == '<' && s[s.size() - 1] == '>';
+}
+
+// 递归地生成句子中的一部分
+void gen_aux(const Grammar& g, const string& word, vector<string>& ret) {
+	if (!bracketed(word)) {
+		ret.push_back(word);  // 如果不是被尖括号包围的单词，直接加入句子
+	}
+	else {
+		// 查找对应的规则
+		Grammar::const_iterator it = g.find(word);
+		if (it == g.end())  // 如果没有找到规则，抛出异常
+			throw logic_error("empty rule");
+
+		// 获取该单词的规则集合
+		const Rule_collection& c = it->second;
+
+		// 从规则集合中随机选择一个规则
+		const Rule& r = c[nrand(c.size())];
+
+		// 对选中的规则中的每个单词进行递归处理
+		for (Rule::const_iterator i = r.begin(); i != r.end(); ++i)
+			gen_aux(g, *i, ret);
+	}
+}
+
+int main() {
+	// 生成句子
+	vector<string> sentence = gen_sentence(read_grammar(cin));
+
+	// 输出第一个单词（如果有）
+	vector<string>::const_iterator it = sentence.begin();
+	if (!sentence.empty()) {
+		cout << *it;
+		++it;
+	}
+
+	// 输出剩余的单词，每个单词前加一个空格
+	while (it != sentence.end()) {
+		cout << " " << *it;
+		++it;
+	}
+
+	cout << endl;  // 输出换行
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// 返回一个随机整数，范围在[0, n)
+int nrand(int n) {
+	if (n <= 0 || n > RAND_MAX)
+		throw domain_error("Argument to nrand is out of range");
+
+	const int bucket_size = RAND_MAX / n;  // 将随机数均匀分布
+	int r;
+
+	// 确保随机数在有效范围内
+	do r = rand() / bucket_size;
+	while (r >= n);
+
+	return r;
+}

Chapter 8/8-5gen_sentence/split.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#include <cctype>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "split.h"
+
+using std::vector;
+using std::string;
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+using std::isspace;
+#endif
+
+vector<string> split(const string& s)
+{
+	vector<string> ret;
+	typedef string::size_type string_size;
+	string_size i = 0;
+
+	// invariant: we have processed characters `['original value of `i', `i)'
+	while (i != s.size()) {
+		// ignore leading blanks
+		// invariant: characters in range `['original `i', current `i)' are all spaces
+		while (i != s.size() && isspace(s[i]))
+			++i;
+
+		// find end of next word
+		string_size j = i;
+		// invariant: none of the characters in range `['original `j', current `j)' is a space
+		while (j != s.size() && !isspace(s[j]))
+			++j;
+
+		// if we found some nonwhitespace characters
+		if (i != j) {
+			// copy from `s' starting at `i' and taking `j' `\-' `i' chars
+			ret.push_back(s.substr(i, j - i));
+			i = j;
+		}
+
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+

Chapter 8/8-5gen_sentence/split.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef GUARD_split_h
+#define GUARD_split_h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string&);
+
+#endif

Chapter 8/8-5gen_sentence/例题改/pics.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "pics.h"
+
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+using std::max;
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+//#include "../minmax.h"
+#else
+//using std::max;
+#endif
+
+string::size_type width(const vector<string>& v)
+{
+	string::size_type maxlen = 0;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	for(std::vector<string>::size_type i = 0; i != v.size(); ++i)
+#else
+	for(vector<string>::size_type i = 0; i != v.size(); ++i)
+#endif
+		maxlen = max(maxlen, v[i].size());
+	return maxlen;
+}
+
+vector<string> frame(const vector<string>& v)
+{
+	vector<string> ret;
+	string::size_type maxlen = width(v);
+	string border(maxlen + 4, '*');
+
+	// write the top border
+	ret.push_back(border);
+
+	// write each interior row, bordered by an asterisk and a space
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	for (std::vector<string>::size_type i = 0; i != v.size(); ++i) {
+#else
+	for (vector<string>::size_type i = 0; i != v.size(); ++i) {
+#endif
+		ret.push_back("* " + v[i] +
+		              string(maxlen - v[i].size(), ' ') + " *");
+	}
+
+	// write the bottom border
+	ret.push_back(border);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+vector<string> vcat(const vector<string>& top,
+                    const vector<string>& bottom)
+{
+	// copy the `top' picture
+	vector<string> ret = top;
+
+	// copy entire `bottom' picture
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	for (std::vector<string>::const_iterator it = bottom.begin();
+#else
+	for (vector<string>::const_iterator it = bottom.begin();
+#endif
+	     it != bottom.end(); ++it)
+		ret.push_back(*it);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+vector<string>
+hcat(const vector<string>& left, const vector<string>& right)
+{
+	vector<string> ret;
+
+	// add 1 to leave a space between pictures
+	string::size_type width1 = width(left) + 1;
+
+	// indices to look at elements from `left' and `right' respectively
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	std::vector<string>::size_type i = 0, j = 0;
+#else
+	vector<string>::size_type i = 0, j = 0;
+#endif
+	string s;
+	// continue until we've seen all rows from both pictures
+	while (i != left.size() || j != right.size()) {
+		// construct new `string' to hold characters from both pictures
+		//string s;
+
+		// copy a row from the left-hand side, if there is one
+		if (i != left.size())
+			s = left[i++];
+
+		// pad to full width
+		s += string(width1 - s.size(), ' ');
+
+		// copy a row from the right-hand side, if there is one
+		if (j != right.size())
+			s += right[j++];
+
+		// add `s' to the picture we're creating
+		ret.push_back(s);
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+}
+

Chapter 8/8-5gen_sentence/例题改/pics.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef GUARD_pics_h
+#define GUARD_pics_h
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+std::string::size_type width(const std::vector<std::string>& v);
+
+std::vector<std::string> frame(const std::vector<std::string>& v);
+
+std::vector<std::string> vcat(const std::vector<std::string>& top,
+                              const std::vector<std::string>& bottom);
+
+std::vector<std::string> hcat(const std::vector<std::string>& left,
+                              const std::vector<std::string>& right);
+
+#endif

Chapter 8/8-5gen_sentence/例题改/pics_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "pics.h"
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::copy;
+using std::endl;
+using std::ostream_iterator;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+
+int main()
+{
+	vector<string> p;
+	p.push_back("this is an");
+	p.push_back("example");
+	p.push_back("to");
+	p.push_back("illustrate");
+	p.push_back("framing");
+
+	ostream_iterator<string>ofile(cout, "\n");
+	copy(p.begin(), p.end(), ofile);
+	cout << endl;
+
+	vector<string> f = frame(p);
+	copy(f.begin(), f.end(), ofile);	cout << endl;
+
+	vector<string> h = hcat(p,frame(p));
+	copy(h.begin(), h.end(), ofile);
+	cout << endl;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+#include <algorithm>      // 引入算法库，提供常用的算法
+#include <iostream>       // 引入标准输入输出流库
+#include <iterator>       // 引入迭代器库
+#include <string>         // 引入字符串库
+#include <vector>         // 引入动态数组（vector）库
+
+#include "pics.h"         // 引入自定义的 pics.h 库（假设此库包含框架生成和拼接相关的功能）
+
+using std::cout;           // 使用标准输出流
+using std::copy;           // 引入copy算法
+using std::endl;           // 引入换行符
+using std::ostream_iterator; // 引入输出流迭代器，用于输出容器的内容
+using std::string;         // 使用字符串类型
+using std::vector;         // 使用vector容器
+
+int main() {
+    // 创建一个vector<string>类型的容器 p，存储字符串
+    vector<string> p;
+    p.push_back("this is an");    // 添加一个字符串
+    p.push_back("example");       // 添加一个字符串
+    p.push_back("to");            // 添加一个字符串
+    p.push_back("illustrate");    // 添加一个字符串
+    p.push_back("framing");       // 添加一个字符串
+
+    // 创建输出流迭代器，指定输出到 cout，并且每个元素输出后换行
+    ostream_iterator<string> ofile(cout, "\n");
+
+    // 使用copy算法，将vector p中的内容逐个输出
+    copy(p.begin(), p.end(), ofile);
+    cout << endl;  // 输出换行符
+
+    // 对vector p应用框架操作，生成一个新的vector f
+    vector<string> f = frame(p);
+    // 使用copy算法，将vector f中的内容逐个输出
+    copy(f.begin(), f.end(), ofile);
+    cout << endl;  // 输出换行符
+
+    // 将vector p和vector f进行横向拼接，生成一个新的vector h
+    vector<string> h = hcat(p, frame(p));
+    // 使用copy算法，将vector h中的内容逐个输出
+    copy(h.begin(), h.end(), ofile);
+    cout << endl;  // 输出换行符
+
+    return 0;  // 程序正常结束
+}

Chapter 8/8-5xref/8-5xref.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#include <map>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "split.h"
+
+using std::cin;            using std::cout;
+using std::endl;           using std::getline;
+using std::istream;        using std::string;
+using std::vector;         using std::map;
+
+// find all the lines that refer to each word in the input
+map<string, vector<int> >
+	xref(istream& in,
+	     vector<string> find_words(const string&) = split)
+{
+	string line;
+	int line_number = 0;
+	map<string, vector<int> > ret;
+
+	// read the next line
+	while (getline(in, line)) {
+		++line_number;
+
+		// break the input line into words
+		vector<string> words = find_words(line);
+
+		// remember that each word occurs on the current line
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+		for (std::vector<string>::const_iterator it = words.begin();
+#else
+		for (vector<string>::const_iterator it = words.begin();
+#endif
+		     it != words.end(); ++it)
+			ret[*it].push_back(line_number);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+	// call `xref' using `split' by default
+	map<string, vector<int> > ret = xref(cin);
+
+	// write the results
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+	for (std::map<string, vector<int> >::const_iterator it = ret.begin();
+#else
+	for (map<string, vector<int> >::const_iterator it = ret.begin();
+#endif
+	     it != ret.end(); ++it) {
+		// write the word
+		cout << it->first << " occurs on line(s): ";
+
+		// followed by one or more line numbers
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+		std::vector<int>::const_iterator line_it = it->second.begin();
+#else
+		vector<int>::const_iterator line_it = it->second.begin();
+#endif
+		cout << *line_it;	// write the first line number
+
+		++line_it;
+		// write the rest of the line numbers, if any
+		while (line_it != it->second.end()) {
+			cout << ", " << *line_it;
+			++line_it;
+		}
+		// write a new line to separate each word from the next
+		cout << endl;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+#include <map>            // 引入 map 容器，用于存储每个单词及其出现的行号
+#include <iostream>       // 引入标准输入输出流库
+#include <string>         // 引入字符串库
+#include <vector>         // 引入动态数组库，用于存储每一行的单词
+
+#include "split.h"        // 引入自定义的 split.h 库，假设包含用于分割字符串的函数
+
+using std::cin;            // 使用标准输入流
+using std::cout;           // 使用标准输出流
+using std::endl;           // 使用换行符
+using std::getline;        // 使用getline函数读取整行输入
+using std::istream;        // 使用输入流
+using std::string;         // 使用字符串类型
+using std::vector;         // 使用vector容器
+using std::map;            // 使用map容器
+
+// xref函数：用来查找每个单词在文本中出现的行号
+// 参数：输入流 in 和一个函数指针 find_words，用于分割每行的单词（默认为 split 函数）
+map<string, vector<int> >
+xref(istream& in,
+	vector<string> find_words(const string&) = split)
+{
+	string line;             // 用来存储每一行的文本
+	int line_number = 0;     // 行号
+	map<string, vector<int> > ret;  // 用map来存储每个单词及其对应的行号
+
+	// 按行读取输入
+	while (getline(in, line)) {
+		++line_number;  // 增加行号
+
+		// 调用find_words函数将一行文本分割成单词
+		vector<string> words = find_words(line);
+
+		// 将当前行号添加到每个单词的对应位置
+		for (vector<string>::const_iterator it = words.begin(); it != words.end(); ++it)
+			ret[*it].push_back(line_number);  // 将单词和行号对应起来
+	}
+	return ret;  // 返回包含每个单词及其行号的map
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+	// 调用 xref 函数，默认使用 split 来分割单词
+	map<string, vector<int> > ret = xref(cin);
+
+	// 输出结果
+	for (map<string, vector<int> >::const_iterator it = ret.begin(); it != ret.end(); ++it) {
+		// 输出单词
+		cout << it->first << " occurs on line(s): ";
+
+		// 获取并输出单词出现的行号
+		vector<int>::const_iterator line_it = it->second.begin();
+		cout << *line_it;    // 输出第一个行号
+
+		++line_it;
+		// 输出其余的行号
+		while (line_it != it->second.end()) {
+			cout << ", " << *line_it;
+			++line_it;
+		}
+		// 换行
+		cout << endl;
+	}
+
+	return 0;  // 程序结束
+}
+

Chapter 8/8-5xref/split.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#include <cctype>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "split.h"
+
+using std::vector;
+using std::string;
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+using std::isspace;
+#endif
+
+vector<string> split(const string& s)
+{
+	vector<string> ret;
+	typedef string::size_type string_size;
+	string_size i = 0;
+
+	// invariant: we have processed characters `['original value of `i', `i)'
+	while (i != s.size()) {
+		// ignore leading blanks
+		// invariant: characters in range `['original `i', current `i)' are all spaces
+		while (i != s.size() && isspace(s[i]))
+			++i;
+
+		// find end of next word
+		string_size j = i;
+		// invariant: none of the characters in range `['original `j', current `j)' is a space
+		while (j != s.size() && !isspace(s[j]))
+			++j;
+
+		// if we found some nonwhitespace characters
+		if (i != j) {
+			// copy from `s' starting at `i' and taking `j' `\-' `i' chars
+			ret.push_back(s.substr(i, j - i));
+			i = j;
+		}
+
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+

Chapter 8/8-5xref/split.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef GUARD_split_h
+#define GUARD_split_h
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string&);
+
+#endif